Hitopadesha [sanskrit]

8,857 words

The Sanskrit edition of the Hitopadesha referencing the English translation and grammatical analysis. Written by Narayana in the 8th century, the Hitopadesha represents a collection of short stories involving human and animal characters, instructing the reader on basic ancient Indian moral values and ethical conduct. Alternative titles: हितोपदेशः, Hitopadeśa, Hitopadesa.

यो नात्मजे न च गुरौ न च भृत्य-वर्गे दीने दयां न कुरुते न च बन्धु-वर्गे ।
किं तस्य जीवित-फलेन मनुष्य-लोके काको ऽपि जीवति चिराय बलिं च भुङ्क्ते ॥ ४४ ॥

yo nātmaje na ca gurau na ca bhṛtya-varge dīne dayāṃ na kurute na ca bandhu-varge |
kiṃ tasya jīvita-phalena manuṣya-loke kāko 'pi jīvati cirāya baliṃ ca bhuṅkte || 44 ||

The English translation of Hitopadesha Verse 2.44 is contained in the book The Hitopadesa of Sri Narayana Pandita by Satya Narayana dasa. This book is not available online so in order to read the full text and translation you should buy the book:

Buy now! English translation by Satya Narayana dasa (1997)

Glossary of Sanskrit terms

Note: This extracts Sanskrit terms and links to English definitions from the glossary, based on an experimental segmentation of verse (2.44). Some terms could be superfluous while some might not be mentioned. Click on the word to show English definitions.

Yah, Guru, Bhritya, Varga, Dina, Daya, Kuruta, Bandhu, Kim, Tad, Jivita, Phala, Manushya, Loka, Kaka, Kaku, Api, Jivat, Cira, Bali,

Analysis of Sanskrit grammar

Note: this is an experimental feature and only shows the first possible analysis of the Sanskrit text (Hitopadesha Verse 2.44). If the system was successful in segmenting the sentence, you will see of which words it is made up of, generally consisting of Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Participles and Indeclinables. Click on the link to show all possible derivations of the word.

  • Line 1: “yo nātmaje na ca gurau na ca bhṛtya-varge dīne dayāṃ na kurute na ca bandhu-varge
  • yo* -
  • yaḥ (indeclinable relative)
    [indeclinable relative]
    ya (noun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
    yaḥ (pronoun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
  • nāt -
  • na (noun, masculine)
    [adverb], [ablative single]
    na (noun, neuter)
    [adverb], [ablative single]
  • ma -
  • ma (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    ma (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • je -
  • ja (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    ja (noun, neuter)
    [nominative dual], [vocative dual], [accusative dual], [locative single]
    (noun, feminine)
    [nominative dual], [vocative single], [vocative dual], [accusative dual]
    ji (noun, masculine)
    [vocative single]
    ji (noun, feminine)
    [vocative single]
  • na -
  • na (indeclinable particle)
    [indeclinable particle]
    na (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    na (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • ca -
  • ca (indeclinable conjunction)
    [indeclinable conjunction]
    ca (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    ca (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • gurau -
  • guru (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
  • na -
  • na (indeclinable particle)
    [indeclinable particle]
    na (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    na (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • ca -
  • ca (indeclinable conjunction)
    [indeclinable conjunction]
    ca (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    ca (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • bhṛtya -
  • bhṛtya (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    bhṛtya (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    bhṛ -> bhṛtya (absolutive)
    [absolutive from √bhṛ]
    bhṛ -> bhṛtya (absolutive)
    [absolutive from √bhṛ]
    bhṛ -> bhṛtya (absolutive)
    [absolutive from √bhṛ]
  • varge -
  • varga (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    vargā (noun, feminine)
    [nominative dual], [vocative single], [vocative dual], [accusative dual]
  • dīne -
  • dīna (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    dīna (noun, neuter)
    [nominative dual], [vocative dual], [accusative dual], [locative single]
    dīnā (noun, feminine)
    [nominative dual], [vocative single], [vocative dual], [accusative dual]
  • dayām -
  • dayā (noun, feminine)
    [accusative single]
  • na -
  • na (indeclinable particle)
    [indeclinable particle]
    na (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    na (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • kurute -
  • kurutā (noun, feminine)
    [nominative dual], [vocative single], [vocative dual], [accusative dual]
    kuruta (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    kuruta (noun, neuter)
    [nominative dual], [vocative dual], [accusative dual], [locative single]
    kṛ (verb class 8)
    [present middle third single]
  • na -
  • na (indeclinable particle)
    [indeclinable particle]
    na (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    na (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • ca -
  • ca (indeclinable conjunction)
    [indeclinable conjunction]
    ca (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    ca (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • bandhu -
  • bandhu (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [adverb]
    bandhū (noun, masculine)
    [adverb], [vocative single]
    bandhū (noun, feminine)
    [compound], [adverb], [vocative single]
    bandhū (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [adverb], [nominative single], [vocative single], [accusative single]
  • varge -
  • varga (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    vargā (noun, feminine)
    [nominative dual], [vocative single], [vocative dual], [accusative dual]
  • Line 2: “kiṃ tasya jīvita-phalena manuṣya-loke kāko 'pi jīvati cirāya baliṃ ca bhuṅkte
  • kim -
  • kim (indeclinable interrogative)
    [indeclinable interrogative]
    kim (indeclinable)
    [indeclinable]
    kim (pronoun, neuter)
    [nominative single], [accusative single]
  • tasya -
  • tas -> tasya (absolutive)
    [absolutive from √tas]
    ta (noun, masculine)
    [genitive single]
    ta (noun, neuter)
    [genitive single]
    tad (noun, neuter)
    [genitive single]
    sa (noun, masculine)
    [genitive single]
    tas (verb class 4)
    [imperative active second single]
  • jīvita -
  • jīvita (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    jīvita (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    jīv -> jīvita (participle, masculine)
    [vocative single from √jīv class 1 verb]
    jīv -> jīvita (participle, neuter)
    [vocative single from √jīv class 1 verb]
  • phalena -
  • phala (noun, masculine)
    [instrumental single]
    phala (noun, neuter)
    [instrumental single]
  • manuṣya -
  • manuṣya (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    manuṣya (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • loke -
  • loka (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    lok (verb class 1)
    [present middle first single]
  • kāko' -
  • kāka (noun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
    kāku (noun, feminine)
    [vocative single]
  • api -
  • api (indeclinable preposition)
    [indeclinable preposition]
    ap (noun, neuter)
    [locative single]
    api (Preverb)
    [Preverb]
  • jīvati -
  • jīvat (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    jīvat (noun, neuter)
    [locative single]
    jīv -> jīvat (participle, masculine)
    [locative single from √jīv class 1 verb]
    jīv -> jīvat (participle, neuter)
    [locative single from √jīv class 1 verb]
    jīv (verb class 1)
    [present active third single]
  • cirāya -
  • cira (noun, masculine)
    [dative single]
    cira (noun, neuter)
    [dative single]
  • balim -
  • bali (noun, masculine)
    [accusative single]
  • ca -
  • ca (indeclinable conjunction)
    [indeclinable conjunction]
    ca (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    ca (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • bhuṅkte -
  • bhuj (verb class 7)
    [present middle third single]

Other editions:

Also see the following editions of the Sanskrit text or (alternative) English translations of the Hitopadesha Verse 2.44

Cover of edition (2015)

The Hitopadesa of Narayana
by M. R. Kale (2015)

Edited with A Sanskrit Commentary "Marma-Prakasika" and Notes in English; 9788120806023; Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Buy now!
Cover of Gujarati edition

Hitopadesa (in Gujarati)
by Dr. Narayan M. Kansara (2007)

[હિતોપદેશ]—[ડો. નારાયણ એમ. કંસારા] Sanskrit Text With Gujarati Translation; Published by Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad

Buy now!

Preview of verse 2.44 in Gujarati sript:
યો નાત્મજે ન ચ ગુરૌ ન ચ ભૃત્ય-વર્ગે દીને દયાં ન કુરુતે ન ચ બન્ધુ-વર્ગે ।
કિં તસ્ય જીવિત-ફલેન મનુષ્ય-લોકે કાકો ઽપિ જીવતિ ચિરાય બલિં ચ ભુઙ્ક્તે ॥ ૪૪ ॥

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