Citrakāvya (1): Yamaka

Māgha used different types of yamaka in his epic. Yamaka is devided into thirteen category. They are—

1. Samapādānta-yamaka,
2. Abhinna samapādānta-yamaka,
3. Sandaṃśa-yamaka,
4. Ādyanta-yamaka,
5. Ślokapratiloma-yamaka,
6. Ādibhāga-yamaka,
7. Pratilomānulomapāda-yamaka,
8. Ardha pratiloma-yamaka,
9. Abhinnaviṣamapāda-yamaka.,
10. Gatapratyāgata-yamaka,
11. Śloka pratiloma-yamaka,
12. Catuṣpādā-yamaka,
13. Samudga-yamaka.

1. Samapādānta yamaka

In this type of yamaka we find the use of the same word in the end of the second and the fourth line. In the Śiśupālavadha poet Māgha used this type of yamaka.

“athottasthe raṇāṭavyāmasuhuveṇudāriṇa |
nṛpāṅdhripaughasaṃgharṣādāgnivadveṇudāriṇā ||” 19. 1 ||^[1]

Here we find the same word “veṇudvariṇā” in the end of the second and the fourth line.

2. abhinna samapādāntā yamaka

In this type of yamaka there are the same words in the second and fourth line. As for example-

“rāme ripuḥ śārānājimaheṣvāsa vicakṣaṇe |
kopādathainaṃ śitayā maheṣvāsa vicakṣaṇe ||” 19. 5 |^[2]

Here in the second and the fourth line the same words are maheṣvāsa vicakṣaṇe ||

3. sandaṃsa yamaka

In this yamaka the end word of a line is the beginning word of the next line. As for example—

“prāpyabhīmamasau janyaṃ saujanyaṃ dadhadānate |
vidhyanmumoca na ripūna ripugāntakaḥ śaraiḥ ||” 19. 13 ||^[3]

Here the word saujanyam is the last word of the first line and also it is the first word of the second line.

4. ādyanta yamaka

The first word of a line of a verse is the last word of the last line of the same verse is ādyanta yamaka. As for example—

“sādaraṃ yudhyamānāpi tenānyanarasādaram |
sādaraṃ pṛtanā ninye hīyamānā rasādaram ||” 19. 23 ||^[4]

Here the word sādaram is the first and the last word of the above verse.

5. Ślokapratiloma yamaka

If all letters of a verse are arranged in opposite direction in another verse then it is called ślokapratiloma yamaka.

“vāhanājani mānāse sārājāvanamā tataḥ |
matrasāragarājebhe bhārīhāvajjanadhvani |” 19. 33 ||^[5]

“nidhvanajjavahārībhā bheje rāgarasāttamaḥ |
tataḥ mānavajārāsā senā mānijanāhavā ||” 19. 34 ||^[6]

6. Ādibhāga yamaka

In this yamaka the beginning word of the first and the third line and the second and the fourth line are the same.

“kareṇuḥ prasthito'neko reṇurghaṇṭāḥ sahastraśaḥ |
kare'ṇuḥ śīkaro jajñe reṇustena samaṃ yayau ||” 19. 36 ||^[7]

Here those two words are kareṇuḥ and reṇuḥ |

7. Pratilomānulomapādayamaka

In this yamaka the number of letters of each line of the verse are equal.

And if we read each line of the verse in opposite direction or from the beginning to the end and from the end to the beginning same sound effect will be created.

“nānājāvavajānānā sā janaughaghanaujasā |
parānihā'hānirāpa tānviyātatayā'nvitā |” 19. 40 ||^[8]

Here the word nānājāvavajānanā is remarkable.

8. Āardhapratiloma yamaka

In this yamaka if we read each half part of the verse from the beginning to the end or the opposite direction same sound effect will be created. Even the letters of that half part are the same or equal.

As for example—

“vāranāgagabhīrā sā sārā'bhīgaganāravā |
kāritārivādhāsenā nāsedhāvāritārikā ||” 19. 44 |^[9]

9. Abhinnavisamapāda

In this yamaka the first line and the third line of the verse is same. As for example—

“āpahivyāpṛtanayāstayā yuyūdhire nṛpāḥ |
āpa divyā pṛtanayā vismayaṃ janatā yathā ||” 19. 60 ||^[10]

Here the line āpadivyāpṛtayā is noticeable

10. Gatapratyāgata yamaka

In this yamaka th same letters of the first and the second line of verse are arranged in opposite direction and the third and the fourth line will be created i.e if we read from the end of the second line to the first line of a verse then we get the third and the fourth line.

As for—

taṃ śriyā ghanasā'nastarucā sāratayā tayā |
yātayā tarasā cārustanayā'naghayā śritam ||19. 88 ||^[11]

11. Ślokapratiloma yamaka

In this yamaka some letter of a verse are arranged in opposite direction and yamaka will be created in the lines of that verse. As for—

“vihitaṃ divi ke'nīketaṃ yātaṃ nijitājini |
vigadaṃ gavi roddhāra yoddhā yo natimeti na | ” 19. 90 ||^[12]

Here yamaka is noticed in the line viditaṃ and ko'nīke etc.

12. Catuṣpāda yamaka

In this yamaka same cluster of letters are arranged in every line of the verse. As for xample

“bhīmāstrarājinastasya valasya dhvajarājinaḥ |
kṛtaghīrājinaścakrebhuvaḥ sarudhirājinaḥ |” 19. 112 ||^[13]

Here the word rājinaḥ is present in very line of this verse.

13. Samudga yamaka

This type of yamaka is divided into three categories.

Here Māgha used two types of this yamaka which are found in the fifty eight verse and one hundred and eighteenth verse of the nineteenth canto of the Śiśupālavadha.

a. In the first type of yamaka there are same sounds repeat of the first part and the second part of the verse wll be repeat, but meanings will be different.

As for example—

“ayaśobhidurālokekopadhāmaraṇādṛte |
ayaśobhidurā lokekopadhā maraṇādṛte ||” 19. 58 ||^[14]

b. In the second type of yamaka there are same word in both line of the firsrt two lines and another type of same sounds in the next two lines, but there meanins will be different.

“sadaiva sampannavapu raṇeṣu sa daivasampannavapuraṇeṣu |
maho dadhe stāri mahānitāntaṃ mahodadhe'stārimahā nitāntam || ”19.118 ||^[15]

Footnotes and references:

[1]:

Haridasa Siddhantavagisha: Op.cit., p. 780.

[2]:

ibid., p. 782.

[3]:

ibid., p. 785.

[4]:

ibid., p. 789.

[5]:

ibid., p. 793.

[6]:

ibid., p. 794.

[7]:

ibid., p. 795.

[8]:

ibid., p. 797.

[9]:

ibid., p. 798.

[10]:

ibid., p. 805.

[11]:

ibid., p. 817.

[12]:

ibid., p. 818.

[13]:

ibid., p. 827.

[14]:

ibid., p. 804.

[15]:

ibid., p. 830.